Axiological, or constructive, atheism rejects the existence of gods in favor of a “higher absolute,” such as humanity. This form of atheism favors humanity as the absolute source of ethics and values, and permits individuals to resolve moral problems without resorting to God. Marx, Nietzsche, Freud, and Sartre all used this argument to convey messages of liberation, full-development, and unfettered happiness.

One of the most common criticisms of atheism has been to the contrary—that denying the existence of a just God leads to moral relativism, leaving one with no moral or ethical foundation or renders life meaningless and miserable. Blaise Pascal argued this view in 1669.

(Source: Wikipedia)

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